Despite some achievements in counterterrorism 20 years after the September 11, 2001 (9/11) terrorist attacks, threats of terrorism have persisted in the Philippines. During the COVID-19 pandemic, terrorism in the Philippines has become more lethal, dangerous and devastating with the rise of suicide terrorism, a tactic strongly encouraged by the Islamic State (IS) more known in the Philippines as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), like reported by eurasiareview.com.

With five incidents recorded since the Marawi liberation in 2017, suicide terrorism has become the most favored act of terrorism in the Philippines by pro-ISIS elements, though many remain engaged in roadside bombings, harassment, and ambuscades. Suicide terrorism in the Philippines took the form of conjugal suicide terrorism as demonstrated by the January 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombing; Filipino suicide terrorism, particularly the Indanan suicide bombing of June 2019 as well as the Jolo twin suicide bombings of August 2020; and female suicide terrorism as shown by the Indanan suicide bombing of September 2019 and the Jolo twin suicide bombings of August 2020.

Family members involving parents and children as well as husbands and wives perpetrated all these five suicide-bombing incidents. Thus, suicide terrorism in the Philippines also affirms the advent of family suicide terrorism. There is a need to prevent the rise of juvenile suicide terrorism involving children and young people and the possibility of lone-wolf suicide terrorism involving individuals not associated with organized terrorist groups but willing to carry out attacks having been deeply indoctrinated via social media.

Recent developments in Afghanistan with the take over of the Taliban after the US military withdrawal can provide the fertile ground for terrorist threats in the Philippines to grow and persist. While the Taliban government poses no threat to the Philippines because of its current preoccupation to domestically govern rather than to spread global terror, there are terrorist groups in Afghanistan posing clear and present danger to Philippine national security.

One terrorist group that can seriously endanger Philippine security is the Islamic State Khorasan (ISK), the group responsible for the suicide bombing of Kabul International Airport in August 2021 and many other recent bombing attacks in various provinces of Afghanistan. Though Al-Qaeda can also be a threat in the Philippines because the Jemaah Islamiya remains active in Indonesia, most of its Muslim Filipino followers, however, have defected to ISIS for pragmatic, religious and personal considerations.

The ISK was the main conduit of the Islamic State Central in order to fund the 2017 Marawi siege, the 2019 Jolo Cathedral bombing, and other terroristic activities in the Philippines like bomb training, combat training, and preaching of violent extremism. The ISK used primarily their Malaysian and Indonesian operatives to fund these terror acts through their stealth networks in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

The ISK remains to be clandestinely connected with ISIS followers in the Philippines, particularly those associated with the Abu Sayyaf Group operating in Sulu, remnants of the Maute Group operating in Lanao provinces, and the Turaipe faction of the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) operating in Central Mindanao, especially in Maguindanao.

The Hassan Salahuddin Group used to be in touch with ISK. But the ISK lost contact with the group with the death of Hassan Salahuddin on 29 October 2021. But Hassan Salahuddin left behind a few followers who can reestablish contacts with the ISK, especially with the effective laundering of funds that they used to do. In fact, the BIFF Turaipe Group and remaining followers of Hassan Salahuddin Group are planning to mount coordinate attacks to avenge the death of Hassan Salahuddin.

The ISK is based in Afghanistan but it has the ability to conduct international operations. While it is actively operating in South Asia, especially in Pakistan, and in Central Asia, particularly in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, the ISK has a very strong connection with IS followers in Southeast Asia based mainly in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Southern Philippines.

The current ISK Amir is Shahab Al-Muhajir, an Iraqi citizen. Using the alias, Sanaullah al-Shadiq, he was a middle commander of the Haqqani network in Pakistan who trained foreign terrorist fighters from Southeast Asia including the Philippines. When he joined ISIS, al-Muhajir rose to become leader of the ISK. He masterminded the recent suicide bombing of Kabul International Airport.

If not prevented, the ISK can fund and support acts of terror in the Philippines because of its enormous intention to do so. The terror network established by the ISK to fund the Marawi siege and Jolo Cathedral bombing is still in place with their surviving sleeper cells still around waiting for mobilization. Though strict quarantine measures against the pandemic may have slowed down terrorist activities in the Philippines, acts of terrorism continue to disturb the peace as demonstrated by recent suicide bombing attacks.

Thus, terrorist threats have not actually disappeared despite some notable achievements in counterterrorism 20 years after 9/11 and four years after the Marawi liberation. With heightened activities of ISK, there is no doubt that terrorism is a persistent threat to Philippine security.

Where are the persistent threats coming from?
Threats mainly come from remaining elements of Abu Sayyaf Group, the remnants of the Maute Group now called Abu Zacaria Group, Turaipe Group of the BIFF, and the Nilong Group of the Anshar Khalifa Philippines, the Suyuful Khilafa Fi Luzon, and other pro-ISIS elements in the country from Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao and from ISIS-indoctrinated Overseas Filipino Workers (OFWs) in countries where ISIS operates. Threats can also come from the rouge factions of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and lawless elements of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Warlords, private armed groups, mercenaries, and lone-wolf personalities can also be sources of these persistent threats as they have complex interactions and tricky working relationships with violent groups in the country.

Members of New People’s Army (NPA), despite describing themselves as belligerents, also commit gruesome acts of terrorism. The NPA has an armed unit in the Bangsamoro region called Moro Army Committee (MAC) that is capable of mounting terror attacks. Unfortunately, MAC remains to be understudied and not appropriately investigated.

What have we learned 20 years after 9/11 and four years after the Marawi siege? What are the trends in terrorist threat landscape in the Philippines in 2022?

First, terrorism is dynamic problem. It evolves and adapts to the prevailing environment. Thus, members are resilient to survive. Members also innovate in order to persist. Thus, counterterrorism measures must also be dynamic and not static. Law enforcement authorities must be faster in innovation than the threats they are determined to counter.

Second, terrorism is multidimensional, complex and multifaceted. Thus, there is strong need to apply complex and not simple solutions to address its various dimensions and deal with its many facets. Their causes are intricate and their underlying origins are manifold. Terrorism appears in various sizes from small to large and in various spectrums from extreme left to extreme right. Terrorism is present in all religions, in all ideologies, in all political persuasions, and in all economic and social status. Hence, there is no one-size fits all to defeat terrorism. There is really a need for a comprehensive, holistic, and inclusive approach to combat terrorism in all aspects: militarily, politically, economically, religiously, socio-culturally, and even personally.

Third, terrorism is like a living organism that needs a territory to live. Terrorists need a space to declare a state, a province, and headquarters to establish their foothold. Thus, it is imperative to guard these territories against their incursions. But in this era of social media amidst the information age, a territory can now be virtual. They operate in the cyberspace as their new battleground. Thus, defeating terrorism needs to occur in the virtual world. It is essential to subdue terrorism in the cyberspace by developing counterterrorism cyber-warriors.

Fourth, terrorists are smart as they diligently and religiously study, learn and build their capabilities in order to wreak havoc and sow terror. They recruit not only foot soldiers from the marginalized sectors as their killing machines. They also recruit smart people like engineers, scientists, economists, political strategists, communication specialists, security professionals, intellectuals, religious scholars, social workers, public officials, bureaucrats, businessmen, and the like. They are capable of building fronts and support networks to carry out their malevolent agenda. Thus, we should be smarter that the terrorists. We should also study, learn and build our capabilities to be smarter than terrorists in order to maintain peace and prevent them from disturbing it. In short, we should outsmart terrorists and not allow them to outsmart us by building our own fronts and support networks against them.

Finally, it is a folly to say that we can eradicate terrorism. Like crimes, terrorism is here to stay because there are bad people willing to use terrorism as a violent tool and as a justification for their wicked purposes. So, we need to deal with terrorism as long as we can because terrorism is a persistent threat. But we can prevent acts of terrorism through comprehensive approaches. We can effectively reduce the occurrence of terrorism through a determined holistic counter measures. Most importantly, we need to strengthen our penalties against acts of terrorism as consequences of bad behaviors. Terrorism is a crime against humanity. We need to prevent and account people from committing acts of terrorism. That is why the Philippine government adopted an anti-terrorism law in 2020 to put terrorists to justice.

In conclusion, there is a need to emphasize in 2022 that the Philippine government has enjoyed some gains in pursuing the Whole-of-Government Approach in countering terrorism with the implementation of the 2020 Anti Terrorism Law. The government has also made some achievements in Whole-of-Society Approach by implementing the National Action Plan to Counter and Prevent Violent Extremism (NAP-PCVE) launched in 2019 in order to fight terrorism at the community level through the community-based approach.

To fully achieve a Whole-of-Nation Approach, there is still a need to strengthen private sector participation in counterterrorism. The private sector has exemplary practices in counterterrorism that the government can learn a lot from. Overcoming persistent threats on terrorism in 2022 requires greater private sector participation in order to support government’s efforts and community-based approaches.

What began as a conflict between the Ethiopian Federal government and a local military in late 2020, exploded into a civil war in 2021 that has forced two million people to flee their homes and left hundreds of thousands of people in famine-like conditions. The war continues expanding, with displacements, ethnic killings and mass rape in the increasingly devastated region, like reported by voanews.com.

By the beginning of 2021, the war in the Tigray region of Ethiopia, then more than a month old, had forced tens of thousands of people to flee across the border to Sudan. Refugees reported ethnic massacres, sexual assaults and mass arrests.

In the months that followed, the humanitarian crisis deepened. More than a million people were displaced inside Ethiopia and aid workers warned of looming famine.

The few hospitals not damaged or destroyed in the region were packed with war wounded, including children who had been stabbed, shot, or become victims of newly laid landmines.

Eleven-year-old Goitom lost one leg now suffers from infection and nightmares.

Goitom’s father, Gebreyohannes Ataklti, says his son was taking the goats to graze [and then he stepped on a landmine.] Goitom is too weak to speak.

The war broke out in the Tigray region in late 2020 between the federal government and local Tigrayan forces. It quickly expanded to include other regional forces allied on both sides and Eritrean forces fighting with the government.

Both sides have been accused of massacres, torture and other atrocities. Federal Ethiopian and Eritrean forces have been also accused of systematic mass rape.

Hundreds of women and girls have come forward, and aid workers say many, many more have not.

Mihira Redae is a case worker for sexual assault victims in Ayder Referral Hospital in Mekelle, Tigray’s regional capital. She says many women who are raped by soldiers are often afraid to come forward, and many others have no access to health care.

A national election in June re-established the authority of Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed, a Nobel Peace Prize winner, who then had control of the Tigray Region. About a week later, Tigrayan forces re-captured the region and the war escalated, now engulfing many areas beyond Tigray. Abiy has vowed to crush his enemies.

On December 17, the United Nations voted to investigate abuses by both sides of the conflict, including the reported mass detention of as many as 7,000 people allegedly sympathetic to Tigrayan interests, among them nine U.N. workers.

In the battered Tigrayan countryside, many say they have seen so much tragedy, they no longer fear arrest.

Haftom Gidey, a resident of the war-torn town of Hawsen, says he no longer fears war or arrest. He has seen too much already.

Mass graves litter the countryside as massacres continue here and in neighboring regions. Refugees are still fleeing to Sudan and many areas are cut off from humanitarian aid. Hundreds of thousands of people are living in “famine-like” conditions and the U.N. now says at least two million people in three Ethiopian states have fled their homes.